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A  SYLLABUS 


OF 


Hispanic-American 
History 


BY 


WILLIAM  WHATLEY  PIERSON,  Jr.,  Ph.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  HISTORY  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


(THIRD  EDITION) 

PRICE  50  CENTS 


PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


COPYRIGHT,  1916.  1920 

by  the 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 
(Revised  and  Reprinted) 


A  SYLLABUS 


OF 


Hispanic- American 
History 


BY 


WILLIAM  WHATLEY  PIERSON,  Jr.,  Ph.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  HISTORY  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


(THIRD  EDITION) 

PRICE  50  CENTS 


PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


COPYRIGHT,    1916,  1920 

by  the 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 
(Revised  and  Reprinted) 


-•• 

PYAOC 


PRESERVATION 
COPY  ADDED 
ORIGINAL  TO  BE 
RETAINED 


Y  1  0  1993 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

"In  the  establishment  of  the  independence  of  Spanish  America  the  United 
States  have  the  deepest  interest.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  asserting  my  firm  belief 
that  there  is  no  question  in  the  foreign  policy  of  this  country,  which  has  ever 
arisen,  or  which  I  can  conceive  as  ever  occurring,  in  the  decision  of  which  we 
have  had  or  can  have  so  much  at  stake." — Henry  Clay,  The  Emancipation  of 
South  America. 

This  syllabus  is  designed  primarily  for  the  use  of  students  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  as  a  guide  to  the  introductory  study  of 
Hispanic-American  history.  In  it  an  effort  has  been  made  to  provide 
for  as  general  and  comprehensive  a  study  of  Hispanic-American  civili- 
zation as  the  time  limits  of  a  single  one  year's  course  would  permit.  In 
such  a  process,  of  course,  selection  and  rejection  of  data  were  neces- 
sary. The  student  seeking  to  specialize  will,  therefore,  find  it  possible 
and  easy  to  elaborate  and  amplify  each  of  the  chapters  and  sections 
into  which  the  outline  has  been  divided.  Despite  such  comprehensive- 
ness as  was  mentioned,  the  writer  has  endeavored  to  emphasize  the 
institutional  and  economic  aspects.  The  necessity  of  elimination  and 
the  effort  at  emphasis  have  resulted  in  the  relegation  of  political  his- 
tory, particularly  that  of  the  colonial  period,  to  a  position  of  com- 
paratively less  prominence  and  significance  than  some  might  expect. 
For  this  the  writer  must  plead  necessity. 

In  view  of  the  great  contemporary  interest  in  Hispanic  America  no 
case  for  the  study  of  its  history  need  be  made — if  such,  indeed,  is 
required  for  any  field  of  history.  That  interest  in  the  United  States 
has  been  in  part  due  to  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal  and  to 
the  increasing  importance  in  diplomacy  of  the  Caribbean  area,  and 
in  part  it  may  be  ascribed  to  the  exigencies  and  effects  of  the  World 
War  which  have  made  people  conscious  of  trade  opportunities  formerly 
non-existent  or,  if  existent,  not  fully  recognized;  and  "many  have  thus 
concluded  that  the  diplomatic,  political,  and  economic  importance  of 
Hispanic  America  has  made  of  prime  necessity  a  thorough  study  and 
a  sympathetic  understanding  of  its  past  history  and  institutions.  These 
facts  and  this  new  consciousness  may  indicate  the  opening  of  another 
period  in  the  history  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  which  will  doubtless 
have  a  distinctly  inter-American  emphasis.  The  field  of  Hispanic- 
American  history  has  until  recent  years  been  little  known  to  and  too 
often  neglected  by  the  undergraduate  student  in  the  universities, — if, 
indeed,  courses  in  such  history  have  been  offered.  It  is,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  writer,  however,  a  field  not  lacking  in  comparative  importance, 
interest,  and  cultural  value  with  those  better  known.  It  is  hoped  and 
confidently  expected  that  the  interest  in  the  history  and  institutions  of 
the  Hispanic-American  countries  recently  engendered  by  the  conscious- 
ness that  these  countries  have  become  potent  economic  and  political 

3 


factors  in  the  modern  world  will  be  abiding.  Hispanic-American 
history  as  a  standard  course  will  have  much  justification,  for  the  part 
which  the  peoples  of  the  southern  republics  will  play  in  the  future,  as 
Viscount  Bryce  recently  said,  "must  henceforth  be  one  of  growing 
significance  for  the  Old  World  as  well  as  for  the  New." 

The  course  as  outlined  in  this  syllabus  provides  for  the  study  of  the 
history,  geography,  political  and  social  institutions,  and  the  economic 
development  and  possibilities  of  Hispanic-American  countries.  A  care- 
ful analysis  and  investigation  will  thus  be  made  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  colonial  systems  and  colonial  experience  in  order  to  ex- 
plain the  wars  of  independence  and  the  existing  political  and  social 
conditions.  Attention  will  then  be  directed  to  the  development  of 
republics,  the  struggle  for  political  stability,  and  the  exploitation  of 
resources.  The  course  will  also  include  some  study  of  the  international 
relations — political  and  economic — and  diplomatic  problems  which  have 
arisen  in  recent  Hispanic-American  history. 

At  the  outset  the  prospective  student  is  warned  that  as  yet  there 
exists  no  single  text-book  devoted  to  the  Hispanic-American  republics 
which  satisfactorily  and  adequately  presents  their  history,  describes 
their  present  conditions  and  discusses  their  institutions.  This  absence, 
of  necessity,  determines  that  the  course  will  be  based  largely  upon 
material  to  be  found  only  in  a  number  of  books,  public  documents,  and 
scientific  reports.  An  effort  has  been  made  in  this  syllabus  to  meet 
this  difficult  situation.  Lectures  following  the  outline  of  the  syllabus 
and  explanatory  of  it,  and  recitations  based  on  assigned  readings,  will 
constitute  the  class  work.  On  these  lectures  and  readings  the  students 
will  be  expected  to  take  notes.  In  addition,  they  will  be  required 
to  make  certain  class  reports  and  at  least  once  during  the  year  to 
prepare,  after  consultation  with  the  instructor,  an  essay  on  some  topic 
of  the  syllabus  or  allied  phase  of  the  work. 

Students  will  be  required  to  provide  themselves  individually  with  a 
copy  of  this  syllabus  and  with  W.  R.  Shepherd's  Latin  America  (Holt 
&  Company).  It  is  strongly  recommended  that  they  purchase  also 
F.  Garcia  Calderon's  Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress  (Scrib- 
ners).  For  the  general  student  and  reader  the  following  list  of  books, 
written  in  English,  may  be  found  useful : 

For  description,  geography,  travel,  peoples  and  social  conditions : 

James  Bryce,  South  America:  Observations  and  Impressions.  (Alac- 
millan). 

G.  E.  Church,  Aborigines  of  South  America.   (Chapman  and  Hall.) 

C.  R.  Enock,  The  Republics  of  Central  and  South  America.  (Dent 
&  Sons). 

A.  H.  Keane,  Stanford's  Compendium  of  Geography  and  Travel : 
Central  and  South  America.  (2  Vols.,  Lippincott.) 

Atlas  America  Latina,  (English,  Spanish,  Portuguese;  General 
Drafting  Co.). 


R.  Reyes,  The  Two  Americas.  (Stokes.) 
A.  Ruhl,  The  Other  Americans.     (Scribners.) 
H.  Bingham,  Across  South  America.     (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 
_For  history : 

T.  C.  Dawson,  The  South  American  Republics.  (3  Vols.,  Put- 
nam.) 

A.  H.  Noll,  A  Short  History  of  Mexico.     (McClurg.) 

F.  Palmer,  Central  America  and  its  Problems.  (Moffat,  Yard  & 
Co.) 

For  institutions  and  history : 

E.  G.  Bourne,  Spain  in  America.     (American  Nation   Series,  Har- 
pers.) 

B.  Moses,   The  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America.     (Put- 
nam.) 

— ,  South  America  on   the  Eve  of  Emancipation.     (Put- 
nam.) 

— ,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America.     (Harpers.) 

F.  L.  Paxson,   The  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics. 
(2nd  Ed.,  Ferris  and  Leach.) 

W.  S.  Robertson,  The  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics. 
(Appleton.) 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World;  A  Chronicle 
of  Our  Southern  Neighbors.  (Yale  Press.) 

For  literature : 

Alfred  Coester,  The  Literary  History  of  Spanish  America.  (Mac- 
millan.) 

Isaac  Goldberg,  Studies  in  Spanish  American  Literature.  (Bren- 
tano.) 

For  trade  relations : 

W.  E.  Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America.  (Small,  Maynard  & 
Company.) 

E.  B.  Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America.     (Appleton.) 

A.  H.  Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions  of 
Today.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Company.) 

For  individual  countries : 

P.  Denis,  Brazil.     (Scribners.) 

P.  J.  Eder,  Columbia.     (Unwin  or  Scribners.) 

G.  F.  S.  Elliott,  Chile.     (Scribners.) 

C.  R.  Enock,  Mexico.     (Scribners.) 
W.  A.  Hirst,  Argentina.     (Scribners.) 

W.  H.  Kbebel,  Argentina,  Past  and  Present.     (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

,  Paraguay.    (Scribners.) 

,  Uruguay.    (Scribners.) 

,    Central   America.    (Scribners.) 


W.  L.  Scruggs,  The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics.  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.) 

M.  R.  Wright's  Books  on  Bolivia;  Brazil;  Chile;  and  Peru.  (Caze- 
nove  &  Son.) 

The  monthly  Bulletin  and  other  publications  of  the  Pan-American 
Union  (Washington,  D.  C.),  offer  excellent  and  reliable  information 
respecting  all  of  these  divisions,  and  are  recommended. 

Students  wishing  to  make  a  more  detailed  study  than  this  brief 
list  would  provide  for  can  easily  find  extensive  bibliographies  on  the 
subject  in  English,  Portuguese  and  Spanish  which  are  of  great  value. 
They  will  do  well  to  consult  P.  H.  Goldsmith,  A  Brief  Bibliography 
(Macmillan),  although  it  is  admittedly  incomplete  in  its  list  of 
books  and  contemptuously  harsh  in  its  judgment  of  many  of  those 
included.  More  comprehensive  and  valuable  are  the  Bibliographic 
Hispanique  (annual,  New  York)  published  by  the  Hispanic  Society  of 
America,  and  the  lists  and  catalogues  of  books,  pamphlets,  periodicals, 
and  maps  prepared  by  the  Pan-American  Union  and  printed  by  the 
United  States  Government, — first,  the  list  relating  to  Central  America 
by  P.  Lee  Phillips,  1902;  secondly,  the  catalogue  of  books,  periodicals, 
etc.,  in  the  Columbus  Library,  which  appeared  successively  in  1905, 
1907,  1909,  and  1914.  Many  lists  respecting  individual  Hispanic-Ameri- 
can countries  have  been  published,  including  Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile, 
Costa  Rica,  Cuba,  Ecuador,  Colombia,  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Paraguay. 
Reference  also  must  necessarily  be  made  to  the  exhaustive  and  scholarly 
Biblioteca  Hispano- Americana  and  other  compilations  of  Jose  Toribio 
Medina,  the  great  bibliographer  of  Chile.  The  Hispanic  American 
Historical  Review  is  commended  to  the  student  not  only  for  its  own 
articles  and  reviews,  but  for  the  great  service  rendered  to  the  biblio- 
graphy of  this  subject  by  publishing  with  each  issue  a  list  of  books 
and  articles  pertaining  to  the  field  which  have  recently  appeared. 

The  writer  would  anticipate  the  criticism  that  the  list  of  books 
specified  in  the  syllabus  for  reading  is  incomplete.  Since  these  read- 
ings are  designed  for  class  purposes  and  are  selected  as  being  practic- 
able, the  incompleteness  was  scarcely  avoidable.  The  specialist  will 
again  find  it  easy  to  enlarge.  In  the  list  of  readings,  in  order  to  con- 
serve space,  the  author's  name  and  full  title  of  the  book  are  stated 
when  the  first  reference  is  made ;  thereafter  only  the  author's  name  is 
employed,  except  in  such  cases  in  which  the  author  has  written  more 
than  one  book  or  in  which  clearness  seems  to  demand  complete  or  partial 
repetition. 

The  author  wishes  to  make  acknowledgment  of  his  indebtedness  to 
Professor  William  R.  Shepherd,  of  Columbia  University,  whose  advice 
and  inspiration  have  been  of  incalculable  service  to  him.  Professor 
Shepherd  generously  made  suggestions  for  this  edition  of  the  syllabus. 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.,  June,  1920. 


A  SYLLABUS  OF  HISPANIC-AMERI- 
CAN  HISTORY 


INTRODUCTION 

I.  The  Political  Situation  in  Europe  at  Opening  of  the  16th  Cen- 

tury. 

1.  The  National  States  :  England,  France,  Spain  and  Portugal. 

2.  The  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

3.  The  city  states  of  Italy. 

4.  Other  European  States. 

Readings :    Hayes,    A    Political    and    Social    History    of    Modern 
Europe,  Vol.  I,  3-25. 

II.  Scientific  and  intellectual  progress. 

1.  Medieval  travels;  the  crusades. 

2.  The  Renaissance. 

3.  Invention  of  the  compass  and  improvement  of  the  astrolabe. 

4.  Improvement  and  increase  of  maps. 

Readings  :  Cheyney,  European  Background  of  American  History, 
41-59. 

III.  European  Commerce  at  the  Opening  of  the  16th  Century. 

1.  Trade  and  trade  routes  between  Europe  and  the  Far  East. 

2.  The  Mediterranean  and  the  Italian  cities. 

3.  Conquests   of   the    Ottoman   Turks;    closing   of    old    routes. 

4.  Decline  of  the  Italian  cities. 

5.  Need  of  new  routes;  Battle  of  the  Nile,  1516. 

Readings:  Cheyney,  3-40;  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  98-99,  107- 
110;    Hayes,   I,   27-49. 

IV.  The  Commercial  Revolution. 

1.  The  geographic  position  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

2.  The  circumnavigation  of  Africa :    Prince   Henry  the  Navi- 

gator;  Diaz;  Vasco  da  Gama. 


3.  The  Western  passage ;  sought  by  Spain. 

4.  The  commercial  revolution ;  effects. 

5.  Creation   of   trade   companies;    new   methods   of   commerce, 

6.  Expansion  and  colonization ;  motives. 

Readings:  Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  104-132;  Cheyney,  123-146; 
Hayes,  I,  27-69. 

V.     Spain  and  Portugal  at  the  Opening  of  the  16th  Century. 

A.  Background  of  Spanish  history. 
Spanish  Society : 

1.  Geographic  influences   in   Spanish  history. 

2.  The  evolution  of  the  Spanish  nationality : 

a.  The  earliest  historic  inhabitants  of  the  Iberian 

peninsula. 

b.  The      invasions:      Phoenician;      Carthaginian; 

Roman  ;   Visigothic  ;  Vandal ;   Moorish. 

c.  Immigration  of  Jews  and  Berbers. 

d.  Contact  and  conflict  with  the  Moors,  710-1492. 

e.  Expulsion  of  the  Moors  and  the  Jews. 

f.  Establishment    of     union    and     central    govern- 

ment. 

3.  The  individualism  of  the  people. 

4.  Militarist  spirit  engendered  by  long  wars. 

5.  Evolution  of  types. 

6.  Governmental  system : 

a.  The  king  and  his  powers. 

b.  The  executive  and  advisory  councils. 

c.  The  Spanish  Cortes. 

d.  Legal  codes  and  other  systems  of  law. 

e.  Administrative  machinery. 

f.  Local  and  municipal  government. 

g.  System  of  taxation. 

h.     Efforts    of    Ferdinand    and    Isabella    to    unify 
Spain   and   centralize   powers   of   government. 

7.  The  Church  and  morals : 

a.  The  Spanish  clergy. 

b.  Inquisition. 

c.  Influences  of  Moors  and  Jews  upon  church  and 

faith. 

8.  Industries  and  agriculture ;  attitude  toward  labor : 
The  Mesta;  wheat,  vine,  and  olive  culture. 

9.  Condition  of  social  classes. 


10.  Intellectual  development  in  Spain : 

a.  Formative   influences   on    languages  and   litera- 

ture. 

b.  Contributions  of  the  Moors. 

c.  Ecclesiastical  and  philosophical  writings. 

11.  Motives  of  colonization. 

Required  Readings :  Chapman,  The  History  of  Spain, 
1-286;  Hume,  Spain,  its  Greatness  and  Decay,  1479- 
1788,  1-64;  The  Spanish  People,  144-404;  Cheyney,  79- 
114;  Ellis,  The  Soul  of  Spain,  29-105. 

Additional  Readings :  Lea,  History  of  the  Inquisition  in 
Spain;  ,  The  Moriscos  of*  Spain;  ,  His- 
tory of  Sarcedotal  Celibacy,  80-85;  300-311;  Milman, 
History  of  the  Jcivs,  Vol.  Ill,  264-309;  Altamira,  His- 
toria  de  Espana  y  de  la  Civilization  espanola;  Col- 
meiro,  Derecho  administrative  cspanol;  Plunkett,  Isa- 
bel of  Castile;  Sempere,  Histoire  des  Cortes  d'  Espagne ; 
Lowery,  The  Spanish  Scttleni  nts  in  the  United  States, 
.  Vol.  I,  79-101  ;  Walton,  Civil  Law  in  Spain  and  Spanish 
America;  Lane-Poole,  The  Story  of  the  Moors  in 
Spain;  Scott,  History  of  the  Moorish  Empire  in 
Europe;  Danvila  y  Collado,  El  Poder  Civil  en  Espana; 
Lafuente  and  Valera,  Historia  general  de  Espana; 
Salazar,  Monarchia  dc  Espana,  Vol.  I ;  Sacristian  y 
Martinez,  Municipalidades  de  Castilla  y  Leon;  Merri- 
man,  The  Rise  of  the  Spanish  Empire  in  the  Old 
World  and  in  the  New,  Vols.  1  and  II. 

B.     Background  of  Portuguese  history. 
Portuguese  society: 

1.  General  characteristics. 

2.  Influence  of  climate  in  Portugal. 

3.  Position  as  European  power  in  the  16th  Century. 

4.  Portugal  as  a  national  state. 

5.  Political  institutions. 

6.  Motives  of  colonization. 

Required  Readings :  Cheyney,  60-74 ;  Stephens,  The  Story 
of  Portugal. 

Additional  Readings :  Busk,  History  of  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal; Martins,  The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the 

Navigator;  ,  Historia  de  Portugal;  Jayne,  Vasco 

da  Gama  and  His  Successors;  Major,  Life  of  Prince 
Henry  the  Navigator;  Hakluyt  Society  Publications. 


Chapter  I.     The  Period  of  Discovery. 

A.  Tracing  the  coast  line  by  Spanish  navigators. 

1.  The  achievement  of  Columbus. 

2.  Achievements  of :   Hoj^eda,   Cosa,   Vesgucci,   Pinzon,   Pin- 

eda,   Bastidas,    Grijalva,    Balboa,    Magellan   and   Elcano, 

Guevara,  and  Saavedra. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  106-111;  Morris,  His- 
tory of  Colonisation,  I,  230-243;  Bourne,  Spain  in  America, 
67-174;  Payne,  European  Colonies,  35-53;  -  — ,  History 
of  America,  Vol.  I;  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  in  America; 
Koebel,  South  America;  Thacher,  Columbus;  Vignaud,  His- 
torie  critique  de  la  grande  entreprise  de  Christopher  Colomb; 
Guillemard,  Magellan;  Bancroft,  Central  Mexico,  Vol.  I; 
Brittain,  Discovery  and  Exploration,  56-296;  Benzoni,  His- 
tory of  the  New  World  (Hakluyt  Society  Pub.)  ;  Zahm, 
'  Up  the  Orinoco  and  Down  the  Magdelena;  -  — ,  Along 
the  Andes  and  Doivn  the  Amazon. 

B.  Internal  exploration  and  settlement. 

1.  Achievements    of:    Cortes;    Pizarro;    Cabeza    de    Vaca; 

Almagro;    Orellana;    Ursua;    Mendoza;    Ayolas ;    Irala, 
and  others. 

2.  Explorations  of  Portuguese  in  Brazil. 

3.  Settlement  of  the  West  Indies. 

4.  Settlement  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

5.  Settlement  of  Spanish  South  America. 

Readings:  To  those  of  Section  A,  add  Cambridge  Modern 
History,  I,  ch.  xv. ;  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Mexico;  Ban- 
croft, History  of  Mexico;  MacNutt,  Fernando  Cortes  and 
the  Conquest  of  Mexico;  Solis,  Historia  de  la  Conquista 
de  Mexico;  Bandelier,  Contributions  to  the  History  of  the 
Southwestern  Portions  of  the  United  States;  De  Lannoy 
and  Van  der  Linden,  Historic  de  L' Expansion  Colonialc  des 
Peuples  Europe  ens  (Portugal  et  Espagne)  ;  Bolton,  Spanish 
Exploration  in  the  Southzvest;  Daenell,  Die  Spanier  in  Nord 
Amerika;  Altamira,  The  Share  of  Spain  in  the  History  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  (Pacific  Ocean  in  History,  34-75)  ;  Groat, 
Historia  de  la  Nueva  Granada;  Wright,  The  Early  History 
of  Cuba;  Amunatcgui,  Descubrimientos;  Conquista  de  Chile; 
Ojeda,  Los  Conquistadores  de  Chile  (2v.) 

C.     Relations  of  Spain  and  Portugal  in  16th  Century. 
1.     Rivalry  for  trade  supremacy. 

10 


2.  Appeal  to  the  Pope. 

Line  of  Demarcation,  1493. 

3.  The  Treaty  of  Tordesillas,  1494. 

4.  Boundary  commissions  and  disputes. 

5.  Treaty  of  Saragossa,  1529. 

6.  Mid-century  relations. 

7.  Union  of   Portugal  and  Spain,   1580. 

8.  Attitude  of  Europe  toward  Spanish  and  Portuguese  claims 

of  monopoly. 

9.  New  doctrines  relative  to  the  control  of  the  seas  and  the 

ownership  of  territory. 

Required  Readings:  Shepherd,  Latin  America,  9-19;  Chapman, 
229-271;  Bourne,  31-33;  131-132; ,  Essays  in  Histori- 
cal Criticism,  193-217;  Keller,  Colonization,  175-176;  197- 
200;  Merriman,  II,  219-239. 

Additional  Readings :  Altamira,  Historia  de  Espana. 

Chapter  II.     The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 

A.     Imperial  Control. 

1.  Early  methods  of  colonization. 

Spanish    inexperience ;    government    aid    and    activities ; 
private  enterprize ;   rapid  evolution  of  a  system. 

2.  The  capitulation;  that  of  Columbus  compared  with  later 

ones. 

3.  The  Casa  de  Contratacion. 

4.  The  Council  of  the  Indies : 

a.  Organization;   powers;  duties;   methods  of  adminis- 

tration ;  accomplishments. 

b.  Notable  members. 

5.  Control  of  emigration: 

a.  Laws  of  restriction. 

b.  Inducements  offered  approved  immigrants. 

6.  Exclusion   of    foreign   influences    from   Colonies ;    Spanish 

mercantilism. 

7.  Interference  in  colonial  affairs. 

8.  Means    of    control ;    special    commissions ;    the    visitador; 

the  residencia;  recall. 

9.  Difficulties  of  administration  : 

a.  Distance    between     colonies    and    home    government. 

b.  Defective  means  of  communication. 

11 


10.  Decline    of    the    system ;    changes    effected    in    the    18th 

Century;  red  tape  and  routine. 

11.  Comparison  of  the   Spanish   system  of   colonization   with 

the  systems  of  other  colonizing  countries. 

12.  Influences  of  the  colonial  empire  upon  Spain. 
Required  Readings :  Shepherd,  19-26 ;   Bourne,  220-242 ;  Morris, 

244-259;  Keller,  168-206;  210-215;  Bancroft,  History  of 
Central  America,  I,  285  et  scq.;  Roscher,  The  Spanish 
Colonial  System;  Moses,  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in 
America;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol  X,  244  et.  seq. 
Robertson,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics,  Intro- 
duction. 

Additional  Readings:  Root,  Spain  and  Its  Colonies;  Zimmer- 
man, Die  Kolonialpolitik  Portugal  und  Spaniens;  Leroy- 
Beaulieu,  De  la  Colonisation  chcz  les  Peuples  Modernes, 
1-40;  Puente  y  Olea,  Los  Trabajos  Geographicos  de  la  Casa 
de  Contratacion;  Colmeiro,  Historia  de  la  Economia  Poli- 
tica  en  Espana,  Vol.  II;  Cappa,  Estudios  Criticos  Acerca  de 
la  dominacion  espanola  en  America;  Recopilacion  de  Leyes 
de  los  Reinos  de  las  Indias,  (a  collection  of  legislation 
respecting  the  colonies  made  first  in  1681). 

B.     Spanish  Administrative  System  in  the  Colonies. 

1.  No   distinct    separation   of    powers;    the    executive,    legis- 

lative, judicial,  and  ecclesiastical  powers  of  government. 

2.  Office  of  Viceroy  in  Spanish  America. 

a.  History  of  the  office. 

b.  Appointment;  powers  in  the  various  departments  of 

the  government ;   dignity  of  office ;   perquisites  and 
reward. 

3.  Offices     of     Adelantado;     gobernador;      captain-general; 

minor  officials. 

4.  The  Audiencia;  presidencia. 

5.  The    system   of   intendants    instituted;    its   effects. 

6.  Local  government:  the  alcalde;  the  cabildo;  ayuntamicnto. 

7.  Extraordinary  political  bodies  in  the  colonies :  the  Cabildo 

abicrto. 

8.  Minor  courts  of  law;  position  of  lawyers. 

9.  Conduct  of  government. 

10.  Operation  of  the  system;  discretionary  powers  as  to  en- 
forcement or  non-enforcement  of  laws — "Se  obedece 
pero  no  se  ejecuta";  opportunities  of  local  officials  to 
evade  imperial  restrictions. 

12 


11.     Relations  of  officials  with  the  home  government. 

Required  Readings :  Shepherd,  25-29 ;  Moses,  Establishment  of 
Spanish  Rule;  — ,  Spanish  Dependencies  of  South 

America,  263-275;  Morris,  I,  244-259;  Smith,  The  Viceroy 
of  New  Spain,  100-248;  Bourne,  202-242;  -  — ,  A  Trained 
Colonial  Civil  Service,  (North  American  Review,  Vol.  169, 
528  et  seq.)  ;  Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly,  Vol.  XIX; 
Hill,  Office  of  Adelantado,  (Political  Science  Quarterly,  Vol. 
XXVIII)  ;  Roscher,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System;  Hum- 
boldt,  Political  Essay  on  Neiv  Spain;  Cunningham,  The 

Audiencia  in  the  Spanish  Colonies;  ,  Institutional 

Background  of  Spanish- American  History  (Hisp.  Am.  Hist. 
Rev.  1918). 

Additional  Readings:  Bancroft,  Central  America,  Vol.  I,  Chap- 
ter V;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  X,  244  ct  seq.; 
Desdevises  du  Dezert,  L'Espagnc  de  L'  Ancien  Regime  (Les 
Institutions)  122-163  Solorzano  Politica  Indiana,  Vol.  II; 
Haebler,  Amerika  (Helmolt's  Wcltgeschichte,  Vol.  I)  384, 
et  seq. 

C.     The  Church.     Real  Patronato. 

1.  Royal  control  of  the  Church  in  oversea  dominions. 

a.  Bull  of  Alexander  VI,   1493. 

b.  The  bull  of  Julius  II,  1508. 

c.  The  system  as  perfected. 

2.  The  clergy  in  the  colonies. 

3.  The  priest  as  a  colonizer. 

4.  Jesuits  and  other  clerical  orders. 

5.  Relations  of  Church  and  State. 

6.  The  church  and  education. 

7.  The  right  of  sanctuary  in  the  colonies. 

8.  The  mission  system ;  the  Church  and  the  Indian. 

9.  The  Inquisition  in  Spanish  America. 

10.  The   Church    in   Spanish    and   Portuguese    colonies   com- 

pared. 

11.  Some  notable  priests  and  monks;  Las  Casas,  Zumarraga; 

Cardenas,  etc. 

12.  Expulsion  of  Jesuits,  1767,   (Portugal,  1759). 
Required  Readings:   Shepherd,  49-59;   Bourne,  302-319;  Keller, 

283-305;    Ayme,    Ancient    Temples   and    Cities    of    the    New 

World;    Moses,   Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule,   Chap.    IV; 

,    South   America   on    the   Eve    of   Emancipation,    119- 

13 


142;  -  — ,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America,  Vol. 
I,  338-349;  364-380;  Vol.  II,  143-153;  206-232;  Smith,  229- 
248. 

Additional  Readings :  Acosta,  The  Natural  and  Moral  History 
of  the  Indies,  Vol.  II ;  Lea,  The  Inquisition  in  the  Spanish 
Dependencies;  Graham,  A  Vanished  Arcadia;  Koebel,  In 
Jesuit  Land;  Escriche,  Diccionario,  Razonado  de  Legisla- 
tion; Palma,  Anales  de  la  inquisition  de  Lima;  Lowery, 
Spanish  Settlements  in  the  United  States,  Vol.  I,  339-366; 
Calle,  Memorial  y  Noticias  Sacras;  Chapman,  The  Founding 
of  Spanish  California  (cf.  Index,  "Religious  Conquest")  ; 
Medina,  Historia  de  Tribunal  del  Santo  -  Oficio  dc  la 
Inquisition  en  Mexico;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol. 
X,  253,  et  seq. 

D.     The  Indians  and  the  Labor  System. 

1.  The  aborigines:  tribes;  number. 

a.  Most  important  families :  Araucanians ;  Arawak ; 
Aymara;  Aztec;  Carib ;  Charrua;  Chibcha;  Coco- 
nuco;  Guarani ;  Inca;  Maya;  Mojos;  Puelche; 
Quechua,  Tapuya;  Tupi,  etc. 

2.  Indian  civilization : 

a.  The  Aztecs  of   Mexico. 

b.  The  Incas  of  Peru. 

3.  Treatment  of  Indians  by  the  Spanish ;  comparison  of  this 

treatment  with  that  by  other  nations. 

4.  Reputation  of  Spaniards   for  cruelty. 

5.  Laws  of   Spain  relative  to  Indians : 

a.  Early    regulations ;    instructions    to    Columbus ;    laws 

of  Burgos,  1512;  laws  of  1530. 

b.  The  "New  Laws,"  1542. 

c.  Labor  laws  and  customs : 

1.  Encomienda. 

2.  Repartimiento. 

3.  Mita. 

4.  Office  of  corregidor- 

d.  Indian    slavery ;    service    in    obrages    and    trapiches; 

effect  of  labor  system  on  Indians. 

e.  Law  and  practice. 

6.  Taxation  of  Indians. 

7.  Work  of  Las  Casas,  Nobrega,  and  Anchieta. 

8.  Indian  resistance  against  Spanish  system;   Tupac-Amaru, 

II,  1780-1781. 

14 


9.     Importation  of  negro  slaves: 

a.  The   Spanish  theory. 

b.  The  asiento. 

c-     Laws  governing  negro  slave  labor. 

Required  Readings :  Shepherd,  29-32 ;  Morris,  I,  239-241 ;  245- 
251;  Keller,  257-282;  Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of 

Emancipation,  167-217;  ,  Spanish  Dependencies,  Vol. 

1,  204-229;  Barros  Arana,  Compendia  de  historia  de  America, 
part  I;  Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America, 
Vol.  I,  65-85;  209-249;  Means,  The  Rebellion  of  Tupac- 
Amaru  II,  1780-1781,  (His.  Am.  Hist.  Rev.,  1919)  ;  Church, 
The  Aborigines  of  South  America;  Hrdlicka,  Early  Man  in 
South  America;  Nordenskiold,  Indianerleben. 

Additional  Readings:  Gage,  New  Survey  of  the  West  Indies; 
MacNutt,  Bartholomew  de  las  Casas;  Prescott,  Conquest  of 
Mexico;  -  — ,  Conquest  of  Peru;  Robertson,  History  of 
America,  Book  VIII ;  Helps,  Spanish  Conquest  in  America; 
Saco,  Revista  de  Cuba;  Markham,  The  Incas  of  Peru;  Spin- 
den,  Ancient  Civilisations  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

E.  Social  Classes  and  Colonial  Society. 

1.  Spanish  types  in  the  colonies: 

Basque  ;  Gallego ;  Catalan ;  Andalusian. 

2.  Classes  and  race  distinctions: 

Chapeton     (gachupines)  ;     Creole;     Mestizo;     Mulatto; 
Zambo. 

3.  Classes  and  the  government;  the  divide  ct  impera  policy. 

4.  Legacy  of  class  distinction. 

5.  Spanish    recognition     of     Creoles    and     natives;    numbers 

ennobled. 

6.  Colonial  society  ;  diversions  ;   pursuits  ;  occupations. 

7.  The  towns ;  pueblos;  the  cercados. 

Required  Readings:  Shepherd,  29-38;  Morris,  252-254;  Garcia 
Calderon,  Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress,  44-58; 
Bourne,  253-268;  Keller,  211-220;  Moses,  Establishment  of 
Spanish  Rule,  Chapter  II ;  -  — ,  South  America  on  the 
Eve  of  Bmancipation,  100-118. 

Additional  Readings :  Hnmboldt,  Personal  Narrative  of  Tra- 
vels; Reclus,  The  Earth  and  Its  Inhabitants — South  Ameri- 
ca; Frezier,  Voyage  a  la  Mcr  de  Sud;  Ulloa,  A  Voyage  to- 
South  America. 

F.  Colonial   Agriculture,    Manufacturing,   and   Mining. 

1.     The  land  system: 

15 


a.  Primogeniture,  entails,  and  mortmain. 

b.  Spanish    repartimiehtos    and    encomiendas;     Portu- 

guese capitanias  and  prazos. 

2.  Methods  of  acquiring  real  estate. 

3.  Attitude  of  home   government  toward   colonial   manufac- 

tures. 

4.  Stock  raising;  the  Mesta;  agricultural  products  introduced 

by  the  Spanish. 

5.  Mines  and  mining  in  South  and  North  America. 
Readings:   Bourne,  282-301;    Payne,  History  of  America,  Vol. 

I,  254-362;    Shepherd,  38-49;    Moses,   South  America   on   the 
Eve  of  Emancipation,  328-340;  Keller,  221-225. 

G.     Trade  System  and  Means  of  Transportation. 

1.  The   Spanish   trade   regulations;    mercantilism;   the   staple 

cities. 

2.  Trade  routes  ;  oceanic  ;  inland. 

3.  Convoys   and   fleet    system ;    taxes    levied ;    concessions    of 

1620. 

4.  Depots  and  staple  cities;   fairs. 

5.  Means  of  transportation  in  colonial  Spanish  America. 

6.  The  Consulado;  guilds;  cof radios. 

7.  Trade  companies : 

The  Guipuzcoa  company,  1728-1778. 

8.  The  War  of  Spanish  Succession ;  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 

9.  The  Anglo-Spanish  relations  at  Porto  Bello. 

10.  Obstacles  to  success  of  system : 

a.  Smuggling. 

b.  Buccaneers,  pirates,  and  public  enemies. 

11.  Final  changes  in  system,  1740,  1748,  1765,  1778;  work  of 

Charles  III,  Aranda,  and  Galvez. 

12.  Portuguese  trade  regulations. 

Required  Readings :  Shepherd,  43-47 ;  Bourne,  282-301 ;  Morris, 
260-277;  Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies,  Vol.  II,  244-365; 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  X,  254-257;  Keller,  226- 
241 ;  244-249 ;  Smith,  248-254 ;  Priestley,  Reforms  of  Jose  dc 
Galvez  in  Nciv  Spain  (The  Pacific  Ocean  in  History)  ; 
Mimms,  Colbert's  West  India  Policy;  Koebel,  British  Ex- 
ploits in  South  America,  47-98 ;  Haring,  The  Buccaneers  in 
the  West  Indies  in  the  Seventeenth  Century;  Colmeiro,  II, 
401-463;  Alberdi,  Estudios  Economicos,  100-101. 

Additional    Readings:    Blackmar,    Spanish    Institutions    in    ilu 

16 


Southwest;  Stevens,  Spanish  Rule  of  Trade  in  the  West 
Indies;  Esquemeling,  History  of  the  Buccaneers;  Rubal- 
cava,  Tratado  Historico  Politico  y  Legal  del  Commercio; 
Walton,  Spanish  Colonies,  Vol.  II,  153-181. 

H.     The  Colonial  Taxation  System. 

1.  The  sources  of  revenue. 

2.  Taxes:   Alcabala ;   Armada   and  armadilla;   media  anata; 

royal    ninths;    Indian    tribute;    taxes    on:    salt;    mineral 
products;  tobacco. 

3.  Sale  of  offices 

Readings:  Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation, 
328-339. 

I.     Education  and  Thought. 

1.  The  universities. 

Institutions  established  at  Lima,  Mexico  City,  Bogota, 
Cordoba,  Cuzco,  Caracas,  Santiago  de  Chile,  Quito, 
etc. 

2.  The  clergy  and  education. 

3.  Colonial  literature: 

a.  Clerical  influences. 

b.  Early  tendencies  and  schools. 

c.  Writers :   Zumarraga,   Las   Casas,   Ercilla,   Balbuena, 

Juana  Ines  de  la  Cruz,  Espejo. 

4.  The  press. 

5.  Transplantation  of  European  civilization : 

Language;  customs;  education;  religion;  political 
theories  and  institutions. 

6.  Cultural  influence  of  colonies  upon  Spain  and  Europe. 
Required    Readings :    Shepherd,    59-68 ;    Moses,   South   America 

on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  143-166;  Coester,  The  Literary 
History  of  Spanish  America,  1-38. 

Additional  Readings :  Humboldt,  Personal  Narrative  of  Tra- 
vels; Ingenieros,  La  Revolucion,  29-78;  Bunge,  Nucstra 
America. 

J.     Political  History. 

1.  Diplomatic  relations  of   Spain  and   Portugal  in  17th  and 

18th  Centuries. 

2.  The  Viceroyalties : 

a.  New  Spain,  1534. 

b.  Peru,  1542. 

17 


c.  New  Granada,  1739. 

d.  La  Plata,  1776. 

3.  Indian  Wars  and  political  insurrections. 

4.  The   favored  and  the  neglected   colonies. 

5.  Colonial  defence — military  and  naval. 

Readings :  Keller,  316-325 ;  Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
South  America;  Moses,  The  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South 
America. 

Chapter  III.     Settlement  of  Brazil  and  Portuguese  Institutions. 

1.  The    voyage    of     Cabral ;     Portuguese     claims;    Correia, 

Coelho,  de  Souza. 

2.  Early  settlements;  attitude  of  Portuguese  toward  Brazil; 

founding  of  cities. 

3.  Portuguese  system  of  colonization  in  Brazil. 

a.  The  captaincies. 

b.  The   "desembargo  do  paco." 

c.  Theory   and   practice;    frequent    changes   in   the    ad- 

ministrative service. 

d.  Comparison  with  Portuguese  colonial  system  in  the 

East  Indies. 

e.  The  church  in  colonial  Brazil ;  the  aldeias;  work  of 

Anchieta,    Nobrega,   Vieyra. 

4.  Treatment  of   the  natives;    intermarriage;    regulations   as 

to  labor  system. 

5.  Importation  of  negro  slaves,  1502;  slave  trade;  the  Com- 

panhia  do  Grao  Para;  slave  codes. 

6.  The  Portuguese  commercial  system : 

a.  The  "India  House"  and  the  "Guinea  House." 

b.  Mercantilism  and  monopoly. 

c.  Participation  of  the  English  in  the  Portuguese  trade. 

d.  Colonial   products  of   Brazil. 

7.  Beginning  of  Westward  Movement  in  Brazil. 

a.  Settlement  of  Sao  Paulo. 

b.  Government  of  the   frontier ;   the  Paulistas;  Mame- 

lucos. 

c.  Discovery  of  Gold,   1693;  diamonds,  1730. 

8.  Society  and  thought  in  Brazil. 

9.  Conflict  with  the  French  and  Dutch. 
10.     Relations  of  Brazil  and  Portugal. 

Required   Readings:    Denis,   Brazil,  27-78;    Morris,   I,   214-220; 
Keller,  131-167;  Watson,  Vol.  II,  1-26;  Rio  Branco,  Esquis- 
se  de  I'Histoire  du  Bresil,  105-152. 
18 


Additional  Readings:  De  Lannoy  and  Van  der  Linden,  11-26, 
172-181;  225-238;  Merivale,  Lectures,  47  et  seq.;  Pinheiro, 
Historia  do  Brazil;  Southey,  History  of  Brazil;  Varnhagen, 
Historia  Geral  do  Brazil,  Vol.  I. 

Chapter  IV.     Geography  and  Resources  of  Hispanic  America. 

1.  Geographic   situation   of   South   America. 

2.  Area   of    states   in   comparison   with   that   of    the    United 

States  and  Europe. 

3.  Climate. 

a.  Seasons  and  temperature. 

b.  Rainfall. 

4.  Mountain  ranges ;   rivers ;  water  power. 

5.  Harbors. 

6.  Forests;  commercial  value  of   forest  products. 

7.  Mineral  deposits. 

8.  Animal    life;     introduction    of     animals    and     plants    by 

Spanish. 

9.  Drugs  and  medicines. 

10.  Agricultural  possibilities.  Products  in  general:  fruits; 
rubber,  coffee ;  cacao ;  yerba  ;  sugar ;  grasses ;  tobacco. 

Required  Readings:  Shepherd,  107-121;  Atlas  America  Latina; 
Koebel,  The  South  Americans,  184-304;  Bryce,  South  Amer- 
ica, 37-483 ;  books  on  individual  countries  listed  in  Chapter 
VIII;  Keane,  Stanford's  Compendium  of  Geography  and 
Travel — Central  and  South  America;  Boero,  Gcografia  de 
America, 

Additional  Readings:  Tschudi,  Travels  in  Peru;  Whymper, 
Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator;  Schanz, 
Quer  durch  Sud  America;  Darwin,  Journal  of  Researches — 
(Voyage  of  the  Beagle)  ;  Zahm's  works. 

Chapter  V.     The  Struggle  for  Independence,  1806-1826. 

1.  Sources    and   elements    of    discontent    in    Latin   America; 

political  and  economic. 

2.  Influence   of   the   American    War   of    Independence;    new 

economic  doctrines,   French   Revolution ;    English   politi- 
cal philosophy. 

3.  Pre-revolutionary  revolts ;   foreign  stimulation. 

4.  Diffusion   of   new   ideas;    decline    in   effectiveness   of    the 

Spanish  policy  of  exclusion ;   the  expedition  of   Miran- 
da,   1806;   representative   Hispanic-Americans   in   Europe 
and  United  States;   English  expeditions  against  Buenos 
Aires  and  Montevideo,  1806-1807. 
19 


5.  Invasion  of  Spain  by  Napoleon ;   overthrow  of  the  legit- 

imate   government;     establishment     of     the    Napoleonic 
government  and  of  Spanish  juntas. 

6.  Disturbance  in  the  colonies ;  attitude  of  the  cities ;  Caracas, 

Buenos    Aires,     Bogota,    Cordoba,     Santiago    de    Chile, 
etc. 

7.  The    interregnum;    development    of    local    juntas;    mani- 

festations  of   loyalty   to   Spain;    theories  applied   to  the 
relations  with  Spain. 

8.  Gradual    growth    of    desire    and    formation   of    plans    for 

independence;    refusal    of    Spanish   terms;    character   of 
the  revolutionary  movement. 

9.  The  revolution  in  the  North,  1809-1821 : 

a.  Formation  of  juntas;  collaboration  of  Miranda  and 

Bolivar. 

b.  General    character    of    the    struggle;    atrocities    and 

reprisals;  Monteverde,  Boves,  and  Morillo;  the 
fate  of  Miranda,  the  campaigns. 

c.  The  constitution  of   Angostura. 

d.  The  crossing  of  the  Andes  and  the  battle  of  Boyaca. 

e.  Services  of  Santander,  Paez,  Sucre,  and  others. 

f.  Altered    character    of    the    war    after    the    Spanish 

revolution  of   1820. 

g.  Battle  of  Carabobo;  the  invasion  of  Ecuador.  . 
h.     Bolivar  as  organizer,  military  leader,  liberator. 

10.  Attitude  of  foreign  countries ;  aid  of  Great  Britain : 

a.  Englishmen  and  Irish  in  the  war. 

b.  Citizens  of  the  United   States  in  the  northern  cam- 

paigns. 

11.  The  revolution  in  the   South,   1809-1821: 

a.  Conditions    in    Buenos    Aires    and    the    South    which 

produced  revolution;  political  services  of  Mariano 
Moreno,  Castelli,  Belgrano,  Pueyrredon,  Rivadavia, 
Monteagudo,  etc. 

b.  Campaigns :    Belgrano   at   Tucuman ;    revolutionizing 

of   Paraguay;   Artigas  in  Uruguay. 

c.  San  Martin  as  soldier  in  Argentina  and  as  governor 

of  Cuyo ;  preparation  for  the  campaign  in  Chile ; 
crossing  of  the  Andes. 

d.  Liberation    of     Chile;     battles    of     Chacabuco    and 

Maipu ;  work  of  O'Higgins  and  Lord  Cochrane ; 
foreigners  in  San  Martin's  service. 

e.  Campaign  for  Peru — Naval  and  Military. 

20 


12.  Relations   of   Bolivar   and   San   Martin ;    political   theories 

of    each;    the    conference    at    Guayaquil;    retirement    of 
San  Martin. 

13.  Final  Stages  in  the  war  of  independence,  1822-1826: 

a.  Bolivar's   invasion  of    Peru;   relations   with  political 

leaders. 

b.  Battles  of  Junin  and  Ayacucho. 

c.  The  campaign  in  Upper  Peru;   the  Bolivian  consti- 

tution. 

d.  Surrender  of  Callao. 

14.  The   part   of   the   Indians   in   the   wars ;   the   part  of   the 

loyalists,  their  treatment;  emigration  of  loyalists. 

15.  Early    evidences    of    national    aspiration    on    the    part    of 

various   communities. 

16.  Prosperity ;    free    trade ;    interest    of    England    and    the 

United   States. 

17.  Unity  versus  sectionalism. 

18.  The  Confederation  of  New  Granada ;  Bolivar  as  an  exec- 

utive   and    political    theorist;    revolutionary    legislation. 

19.  Political    theories   and   conflicting   ambitions   of    the    gen- 

erals ;    radicalism    and    conservatism    in    the    revolution. 

20.  Establishment  of   states. 

21.  Revolutionary  society  in  South  America. 

22.  Comparison    of    the    revolutions    in    South    America    with 

that  in  the  United  States. 

23.  Mexico  and  Central  America : 

a.     Hidalgo,  Morelos,  Mina,  Guerrero, 
b-     Iturbide  and  the  Plan  of  Iguala. 

c.  Part  of  the  church ;  the  land  issue ;  social  questions. 

d.  Revolutionizing  of  Central  America. 

24.  Saint  Domingue :  Toussaint  L'Ouverture. 

Required  Readings :  Shepherd,  69-81 ;  Garcia  Calderon,  58-86 ; 
Bryce,"  423-448;  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  X,  280-309; 
Herrera,  La  Revolution  France sa  y  Sud  America;  Robert- 
son, Francisco  de  Miranda  and  the  Revolutionising  of 
Spanish-America  (Amer.  Hist.  Assn.  reports,  1907)  ;  Rise 
of  Spanish-American  Republics;  Moses,  Spain's  Declining 
Power  in  South  America,  1730-1806. 

Additional  Readings:  Bancroft,  Mexico,  Pilling,  The  Emancipa- 
tion of  South  America;  Paxson,  The  Independence  of  South 
American  Republics;  Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of 
Emancipation;  Filisola,  La  Cooperation  de  Mexico  en  la 

21 


indepcndcncia  dc  Centra  America;  Mitre,  The  Emancipation 
of  South  America;  Petre,  Bolivar;  Mancini,  Bolivar  et 
I 'emancipation  dcs  colonies  espagnolcs;  Decoudray-Holstein, 
Memoirs  of  Simon  Bolivar;  Rene-Moreno,  Ultimas  Dias 
Colonialcs  en  el  Alto  Peru;  Ingenieros,  La  Evolucion  de  las 
Ideas  Argcntinas :  La  Revolucion;  Calvo,  Annales  historiques 
de  la  revolution  de  I'Amcrique  latine ;  Torrente,  Historia 
de  la  revolucion  hispano- Americana;  Chandler,  Inter-Ameri- 
can Acquaintances;  Walton,  Present  State  of  the  Spanish 
Colonies. 

Chapter  VI.     Early  Relations  of  Hispanic  America  with  the  United 
States;  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

1.  Diffusion  of  revolutionary  ideas  and  political  opinions  in 

South  America. 

2.  Part  of  Spanish-Americans  in  the  American  war  of  inde- 

pendence. 

3.  Part  of  the  United  States  in  the  Hispanic-American  wars 

of  independence;  diplomatic  relations  of  United  States 
and  the  de  facto  governments  and  people  of  Hispanic 
America. 

4.  Early  ideas  as  to  American  concert. 

5.  Jefferson  and  John  Adams  on  South  America. 

6.  Early  statements  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

7.  Evolution  of   Monroe   Doctrine  during  the   Revolutionary 

War;  the  part  of  Hispanic  America. 

8.  Attitude   of    European    States    toward    Hispanic   America 

after  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 

a.  Effects  of   revolutionary   wars  upon   European   poli- 

tics and  diplomacy. 

b.  The  policy  of  intervention. 

c.  The  Holy  Alliance  and  the  Concert  of  Europe. 

d.  Applications  of  policy  of  intervention. 

e.  The  Congress  of  Verona. 

f.  The  position  of  England. 

9.  Recognition  by  the  United  States. 

10.  The  Canning- Rush- Adams  correspondence. 

11.  The  Monroe  message. 

12.  Reception  of  Monroe  Doctrine  in  South  America  and  in 

Europe. 

13.  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  1823-1828. 

22 


14.  Recognition  by  Great  Britain,  Spain,  and  other  European 
states. 

Required  Readings :  Edgington,  History  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine; Bingham,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  an  Obsolete  Shib- 
boleth; Garcia  Calderon,  58-85;  Bryce,  422-451;  Koebel, 
British  Exploits,  163-254;  Shepherd,  Bolivar  and  the  United 
States  (Hisp.  Am.  Hist.  Rev.  1918)  ;  Moore,  Digest  of 
International  Lazv  (Sections  on  Monroe  Doctrine)  ;  The 
New  International  Encyclopaedia;  Annals  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Political  Science,  July,  1914;  Robertson,  Recep- 
tion of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  (Political  Science  Quarterly, 
1915)  ;  Manning,  Early  Diplomatic  Relations  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico. 

Additional  Readings:  Oilman,  James  Monroe;  Bigelow,  Ameri- 
can Policy;  Coolidge,  United  States  as  a  World  Power; 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine;  Torres,  An  Exposition  of  the 
Commerce  of  South  America;  Chadwick,  The  Relations  of 
Spain  and  the  United  States. 

Chapter    VII.     Political    Theories    and    Early    Republican    Institu- 
tions. 

1.  The  monarchical  idea  versus  the  republican;  opinions  of 

the    revolutionary   leaders:    Bolivar,    San   Martin,    Riva- 
davia,  Belgrano,  etc. 

2.  Early  political  parties  or  groups  and  their  theories: 

a.  Unitary;    federalist;   conservative;  and  radical. 

b.  Liberal    and   conservative   writers    on    politics:    Las- 

tarria,    Bilbao,    Echeverria,    Montalvo,    Vigil,    Sar- 
miento;   Bello,  Alberdi,  Herrera,  Acosta. 

c.  Influence  of  France  upon  political  theorists. 

3.  Political  factions: 

Military ;    clerical ;    civilian ;   and   lay. 

4.  Party  methods  and  politics. 

5.  Ballot,  and  elections;  restrictions  of  the  suffrage. 

6.  Popular  apathy  in  political  affairs;  personal  politics. 

7.  Character  of  governments: 

Federal  and  unitary. 

8.  Early   constitutions ;    separation   of   powers. 

9.  The  office  of  executive. 

a.  Constitutional  powers  in  various  countries. 

b.  Prestige  and  dignity  of  office. 

c.  Early  types  of  executives :  tyrants ;  dictators ;  liber- 

ators ;  restorers ;  caudillos. 
23 


10.  Character    and     powers     of     Congress ;     congress    versus 

president ;  experiments  with  unicameral  legislatures. 

11.  Influence    of     English    and     French    cabinet     systems    of 

government. 

12.  The  judiciary  in  Latin  America: 

a.  Constitutional  powers  and  position  in  administration. 

b.  Judicial  review  of  legislation. 

13.  Early  conventions  and  platforms. 

14.  Municipal  government : 

a.  General  characteristics. 

b.  Police  systems. 

c.  Public  service. 

d.  Prisons. 

Readings:    Shepherd,   81-96;    Garcia   Calderon,    100-350;    Crich- 

field,    American    Supremacy;    Alberdi,    Bases ; 

,   E studios   cconomicos;   -      — ,  Del   Gobicrno   en  Sud 

America;  Sarmiento,  El  Facnndo;  Lastarria,  Lee  clones  dc 
politico,  posith'a  en  la  Academia  dc  bcllas  letras;  Balbin  de 
Unquera,  Andres  Bcllo,  sit  epoca  y  sus  obras;  books  on  indi- 
vidual countries. 

Chapter  VIII.     Political  History,  1826-1920;  Political  Heritage  of 
Colonial  Times. 

1.  The  three  phases: 

a.  1826-1850,  Age  of  Dictators. 

b.  1850-1876,  Struggle  for  Stability. 

c.  1876 ,    Rise     of    Great    States     and    Economic 

Progress. 

2.  Typical  dictators: 

a.  Garcia  Moreno, — Ecuador. 

b.  Ramon   Castilla, — Peru. 

c.  Rosas, — Argentina. 

d.  Paez  and  Guzman  Blanco, — Venezuela. 

e.  Santa  Anna  and  Diaz, — Mexico. 

3.  Progressive  States  of  South  America : 

A.     Argentina : 

1.  The  presidency  of  Rivadavia;   War  with  Bra- 

zil ;    conflict  between   Buenos   Aires  and   pro- 
vinces. 

2.  Rosas  and  Urquiza. 

3.  Mitre  and  Sarmiento. 

4.  Political     program     and     stability ;      President 

Roca. 

24 


5.  Economic   development   and  growth   of   popula- 

tion. 

6.  The  southward  movement  in  Argentina. 

7.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
Suggested    Readings:    Koebel,    Argentina,    Post    and    Present; 

— ,  The  South  Americans;  Hirst,  Argentina;  Hammer- 
ton,  The  Real  Argentine;  Chandler,  The  Argentine  South- 
zvard  Movement,  (Bulletin  Pan.  Am.  Un.,  1914). 

Additional    Readings:    Martinez    and    Lewandowski,  Argentina 

in   the    Twentieth   Century;   Merou,   Historia  dc   la  Republica 

Argentina;  V.  F.  Lopez,  Historia  de  la  Republica  Argentina 
(Vols  IX  and  X). 

B.  Brazil. 

1.  Brazil  and  Portugal,   1807-1822. 

2.  The  empire:  Pedro  I  and  Pedro  II. 

3.  Economic   development;    international    relations. 

4.  Emancipation  of  slaves. 

5.  The    Republic:    early    disorders;    progress    to- 

ward   stability. 

6.  The   westward   movement   in   Brazil. 

7.  Colonization   experiments— State   and   National. 

8.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
Readings:  Denis,  Brazil;  Watson,  Vol.  II,  256-270;  Cambridge 

Modern  History,  Vol.  X,  310-339;  Vol.  XII,  674-676;  Varn- 
hagen,  Vol.  II ;  Pinheiro,  Historia  do  Brazil;  Bennett,  Fortv 

Years  in  Brazil;  Buley,  North  Brazil; ,  South  Brazil; 

Winter,  Brazil  and  her  people  of  today;  Domville-Fife,  The 
United  States  of  Brazil;  Grossi,  Storia  della  Colonizazione 
Eiiropea  al  Brasile. 

C.  Chile: 

1.  Dictatorship  of  O'Higgins. 

2.  Work  of  Portales  and  the  pcluconcs. 

2.  The   conservative   regime;    ten  year   presidents. 

4.  War  with  Spain. 

5.  The  problem  of  the  Araucanians. 

6.  War  with  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

7.  Balmaceda  and  the  congress. 

8.  Relations    with    the    United    States;    with    Ar- 

gentina; the  "Christ  of  the  Andes." 

9.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

a.     Operation  of  the  cabinet  system  in  Chile. 
25 


b.  Contemporary  political  parties. 

c.  Local  government. 

Readings:  Elliot,  Chile;  Garcia  Calderon,  164-179;  Hancock, 
A  History  of  Chile;  Amunategui  and  Vicuna  MacKenna, 
La  dictadura  de  O'Higgins;  Bulnes,  Las  Causas  dc  la  Giterra 
cntre  Chile  y  Peru;  Markham,  The  War  between  Peru  and 
Chile;  Olivares,  Historia  dc  Chile;  Guiterez,  La  Guerra  de 
1879;  Barros  Arana,  La  Guerre  du  Pacifique;  -  — ,  His- 
toria general  de  Chile;  Egafia,  The  Tacna  and  Arica  Ques- 
tion; Macy  and  Gannaway,  Comparative  Free  Government, 
663-672;  Reinsch,  Parliamentary  Government  in  Chile  (Am. 
Pol.  Science  Rev.,  Ill,  507,  ct  seq.) 

D.     Uruguay. 

1.  Relations    with    Argentina,    Brazil,    and    Para- 

guay. 

2.  Political  organization  and  progress. 

3.  Economic,    educational,    and    religious    develop- 

ments. 

4.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
Readings:  Koebel,   Uruguay;  Roxlo,   Uruguay  en  1904;  Aceve- 

do,  Historia  de   la  Republica   Oriental  del   Uruguay;   Zorilla 
de  San  Martin,  La  Epopeya  de  Artigas. 

4.     Less  Progressive  and  Backward  States  of  South  America. 

A.  Venezuela : 

1.  Revolutions     and     tyrants:     Guzman     Blanco; 

Castro. 

2.  Foreign  relations. 

3.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
Readings:    Dalton,    Venezuela;    Scruggs,    The    Colombian    and 

Venezuelan  Republics. 

B.  Colombia : 

1.  Political  record. 

2.  Foreign  relations. 

Readings:  Scruggs,  The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics; 
Levine,  Colombia;  Eder,  Columbia;  Arboleda,  Historia  con- 
tcmporanca  de  Colombia. 

C.  Ecuador. 

Readings:  Enock,  Ecuador;  Mejia,  Ecuador;  Cevalles,  Com- 
pendia de  la  historia  del  Ecuador. 

D.  Peru. 

1.     Political  record. 
26 


2.  Foreign  relations. 

3.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
Readings:   Knock,  Peru;  Wright,  Peru;   Markham,  A   History 

of  Pern;  Llorente,  Historia  de  Peru. 

E.  Bolivia. 

1.  Presidency  of  Sucre  and  dictatorship  of  Santa 

Cruz. 

2.  Political  disorder. 

3.  Foreign    relations;     part    of     Bolivia    in    war. 

1879-83. 

4.  Constitution  of   1880. 
Readings:  Wright,  Bolivia;  Walle,  Bolivia; 

Valdes,  Estudio  historico  de  Bolivia. 

F.  Paraguay : 

1.  Period  of   Francia. 

2.  The  Lopez  group. 

3.  War  with  Brazil,  Argentina,  and  Uruguay. 

4.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 
Readings:  Washburn,  History  of  Paraguay;  Hardy,  Paraguay; 

Decoud,    Paraguay;    Funes,    Historia    civil    del    Paraguay; 
Mitre,  Gucrra  del  Paraguay;  Yubero,  El  Paraguay  modcrno. 

5.     Mexico. 

a.  Empire    and     early     republic:     Iturbide     and    Santa 

Anna. 

b.  Relations  with  Texas. 

c.  The  war  with  the  United  States. 

d.  Struggle  with  the  church:  Juarez. 

e.  Maximilian. 

f .  The  Diaz  regime ;   economic  development. 

g.  Contemporary  period :   the   revolution. 

Madero;  Huerta;  Carranza;  Villa;  Obregon. 
h.     Relations  with  the  United  States;  with  Japan;  with 

Germany. 

i.     Constitution  and  politics. 

Suggested  Readings:  Enock,  Mexico;  Noll,  From  Empire  to  Re- 
public; -  — ,  History  of  Mexico;  Fortier  and  Ficklen,  Cen- 
tral America  and  Mexico;  Bancroft,  History  of  Mexico;  Rives, 
Relations  of  Mexico  and  the  United  States;  Bancroft,  Por- 
firio  Diaz;  Pinchon  and  de  Lara,  Mexico;  Stevenson,  Maxi- 
milian in  Mexico;  Martin,  Maximilian;  -  — ,  Mexico  of 

27 


the  XXth  Century;  Prida,  From  Despotism  to  Anarchy; 
Fornaro,  Carranza  and  Mexico;  Trowbridge,  Mexico  Today 
and  Tomorrow. 

Additional  Readings:  Alaman,  Historia  de  Mexico;  Esquivel, 
Democracia  y  pcrsonalismo;  Estrada,  La  Revolution  y  Fran- 
cisco I.  Madero;  Gonzalez,  La  Revolution  y  sus  heroes 
Zamacois,  Historia  de  Mexico;  Planchet,  La  Cuestion  rc- 
ligiosa  en  Mexico. 

6.  The  Central  American  States : 

First  Class :  Costa  Rica  and  Guatemala. 

Second  Class :  Honduras,   Salvador,  and  Nicaragua. 

1.  Race  distribution. 

2.  Projects    of     union:    1824-1838;     1842;    1848; 

1852;    1862;    1872;    1876;    1887;    1889;    1895; 
1897. 

3.  The  peace  conference  of  1907 ;  the  court. 

4.  Political  and  economic  conditions. 

5.  Foreign  relations. 

Readings:  Villafranca,  Costa  Rica;  Winter,  Guatemala; 
Guardia,  Costa  Rica;  Squier,  States  of  Central  America; 
Palmer,  Central  America;  Fortier  and  Ficklen,  Central 
America  and  Mexico;  Martin,  Salvador;  Koebel,  Central 
America;  Munro,  The  Five  Central  American  Republics; 
Shepherd,  Central  and  South  America. 

7.  The   Insular  Republics: 

A.     Cuba. 

1.  Cuba  in  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century. 

2.  Plans  made  in  South  America  for  the  revolu- 

tionizing  of    Cuba. 

3.  Cuba    in    diplomacy ;     attitude    of     the    United 

States  and  Europe. 

4.  Slavery  in  Cuba. 

5.  Filibusters. 

6.  The  ten  year  war;  the  problem  of  reform. 

7.  The    Spanish-American    War;    status   of    Cuba 

after  the  peace. 

8.  American  occupation ;  the  Platt  Amendment. 

9.  Republican   government  in   Cuba;    interventions 

by    the    United    States ;    diplomatic    and    eco- 
nomic relations  with  the  United  States. 

Readings:  Callahan,   Cuba  and  International  Relations;   Leroy- 
28 


Beaulieu,  251-268;  Cabrera,  Cuba  and  the  Cubans;  Porter, 
Industrial  Cuba;  Lindsay,  Cuba  and  her  People  of  Today; 
Quesada,  The  War  in  Cuba;  Guiteras,  Historia  de  la  Isla 
de  Cuba;  Ramon  de  la  Sagra,  Historia  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba 
(13t)  ;  Canini,  Four  Centuries  of  Spanish  Rule  in  Cuba; 
Johnson,  The  History  of  Cuba  (Sv)  ;  Hill,  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico. 

B.     Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo: 

1.  Monarchy    and     republicanism     in     Haiti    and 

Santo  Domingo. 

2.  Social  and  racial  problems. 

3.  Political  disorders. 

4.  International  relations  : 

a.  Financial  conditions ;    foreign  claims. 

b.  Interventions. 

c.  Relations    of     Santo     Domingo     and    the 

United   States. 

d.  Haiti  and  the  United  States. 

5.  Attitude  toward  the  United  States. 

6.  Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

Readings :  Fiske,  West  Indies;  Eves,  West  Indies;  St.  John, 
Haiti,  the  Black  Republic;  Schoenrich,  Santo  Domingo; 
Hazard,  Santo  Domingo,  Past  and  Present;  Hollander, 
Report  on  the  Debt  of  Santo  Domingo  (Sen.  Ex.  Document, 
59th  Cong.)  ;  Garcia,  Compendia  de  la  Historia  de  Santo 
Domingo- 

8.     Panama : 

a.  Secessionist  tendencies  in  Panama. 

b.  The  revolution. 

c.  The  republic. 

d.  Relations  with   Colombia  and  the  United  States. 

Required  Readings:  Bishop,  Panama,  Past  and  Present;  Cause 
and  Carr,  The  Story  of  Panama;  Bunau-Varilla,  Panama; 
the  Creation,  Destruction  and  Resurrection;  Villegas,  The 
Republic  of  Panama. 

Readings  in  general  for  political  history :  Dawson,  The  South 
American  Republics;  Akers,  History  of  South  America; 
Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions;  Rodriguez,  American  Consti- 
tutions; Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America;  Koebel,  South 
America ;  Garcia  Calderon,  Latin- America,  86-231 ;  Cam- 
bridge Modern  History,  XII,  672-689;  Domville-Fife,  Great 
States  of  South  America;  Enock,  The  Republics  of  Central 

29 


and  South  America;  Porter,  The  Ten  Republics;  Colmo, 
Los  paiscs  dc  la  America  latina;  Amunategui,  Ensayos  biog- 
raphicos  (4v)  ;  Shepherd,  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New 
World. 

Chapter  IX.     Relations  with  One  Another  and  with  Europe. 

1.  Boundary    disputes     and    commissions;    the     principle    of 

uti  possedetis. 

2.  Filibustering  expeditions  and  reprisals. 

3.  The  status  of  Uruguay. 

4.  The  war  against  Paraguay. 

5.  The    Chile- Peru-Bolivia    war;    the    Tacna-Arica    question. 

6.  International  standing  of  Latin  America. 

7.  The  problem  of  unity : 

a.  Proposals   for  a  league  of  states  of   Spanish  origin. 

b.  Proposals   for  inclusion  of  Brazil  in  this  league. 

c.  Congresses  of  Hispanic-American  countries :  Panama 

(1826),  Lima  (1848,  1864,  1897),  Santiago  de 
Chile  (1856). 

d.  Programmes   of  arbitration ;   proposals   for  codifica- 

tion of  international  law  for  the  Americas. 

e.  Congresses    for   health   and    sanitations    conventions : 

Rio  de  Janiero  (1887,  1906);  Lima  (1888),  Wash- 
ington (1902,  1905),  Mexico  City  (1907),  San 
Jose  de  Costa  Rica  (1909). 

f.  Scientific  congresses:   Buenos  Aires    (1898),   Monte- 

video, (1901),  Rio  de  Janiero  (1905),  Santiago 
de  Chile,  (1908),  Washington,  (1916). 

g.  Control  of  river  commerce;  the  international  rivers. 

8.  Central  American  affairs ;   arbitration  agreement. 

9.  The  so-called  A.  B.  C.  Alliance. 

10.  Relations  with  Europe: 

Diplomatic;  economic;  cultural. 

11.  European  interventions  in  Latin  American  affairs: 

Examples  of  European  intervention:  France  and  Great 
Britain  at  Buenos  Aires  and  Montevideo;  Spain  and 
France  in  Mexico;  France,  Great  Britain  and  Spain 
in  Mexico ;  Spain  in  Santo  Domingo  and  Peru ;  Great 
Britain  at  Corinto;  Germany,  Great  Britain  and  Italy 
in  Venezuela. 

Readings:    Shepherd,    96-106;    Koebel,    The    South    Americans, 
41-63;    Garcia    Calderon,    335-350;    Cambridge   Modern   His- 

30 


tory,  Vol.  XII,  689-702;  Moore,  Brazil  and  Peru  Boundary 
Question;  Posada,  En  America  una  compana;  Helio  Lobo, 
O  Tribunal  Arbitral  Brosiliero -Boliviano;  Alvarez,  Le  Droit 
international  Amcricain;  Quesada,  La  Evolution  d.l  Pana- 
mericanismo. 


Chapter    X.     Later    Diplomatic    and    Political    Relations    with    the 
.United  States. 

1.     Development  and  extension  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine: 

a.  The  Jackson- Van  Buren  attitude. 

b.  Folk's   revival,   interpretation,   and  restriction. 

c.  Monroe  Doctrine  in  the  fifties : 

1.  Connection  with  slavery  issue. 

2.  Paraguay,  1857-59. 

d.  The  Maximilian  episode. 

e.  The  United  States  and  the  Chilean  war  with  Spain. 

f.  Grant  and  the  nationalization  of  the  doctrine. 

g.  The     Santos    claim    in    Ecuador ;     Alsop    claim    in 

Chile, 
h.     Cleveland-Olney  extension. 

Monroe  Doctrine  and  imperalism. 
Roosevelt-Taft  period, 
k.     Wilson  Doctrine. 

1.     Monroe     Doctrine     and     claims     against     Hispanic- 
American  countries : 

1.  Contractual, — Alsop,    Cerutti,    Landreau. 

2.  Tortuous, — Case     of     Moreno ;     Benton     Case ; 

Renton  Case, 
m.     The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  World  War. 

Readings :  Appropriate  sections  of  Edgington,  Bingham,  Hart, 
Bigelow;  Reddaway,  Monroe  Doctrine;  American  State 
Papers ;  Moore,  A  Digest  of  International  Law,  Vol.  VI, 
368-604;  714-715;  -  — ,  Principles  of  American  Diplo- 
macy, 246-269;  Minister  Dudley's  report,  U.  S.  For.  Rel., 
1899;  Vicuna  Mackenna,  Historia  de  la  Administration 
Montt;  -  — ,  Historia  de  Chile;  New  International  Ency- 
clopedia; Bonilla,  Wilson  Doctrine;  Barrett,  Latin-America 
of  Today  and  its  Relation  to  the  United  States;  Helio  Lobo, 
De  Monroe  a  Rio-Branco ;  Saenz  Pena,  Derccho  publico 
Americano. 
2.  Hispanic-American  attitude  toward  the  United  States. 

a.  In  politics  and  diplomacy. 

b.  In  commerce. 

31 


Readings:  Ugarte,  El  porvenir  dc  la  America  latina;  Soto- 
longo,  El  I  tnpcr'.alismo  Norte  Americano;  Merlos,  America 
latina  ante  el  pcliogro;  Weyl,  American  World  Policies 
Chapter  XV;  Gondra,  Los  Estados  Unidos  y  las  Naciones 
Americanos. 

3.  Efforts  at  cooperation  and   friendship : 

a.  Evolution  of  Pan  Americanism. 

b.  The   Pan   American   Union : 

1.  Organization  and  purposes. 

2.  Control  and  accomplishments. 

c.  Pan     American    congresses:     Washington,     (1889); 

Mexico    City,     (1902);    Rio    de    Janiero,     (1906); 
Buenos  Aires,   (1910). 

d.  Inter- American    financial     congresses :    Washington, 

(1915)  ;  Buenos  Aires,  (1916). 

e.  The  peace  and  arbitration  treaties. 

f.  Cultural       inter-relations;       scientific       conferences, 

increase  of  trade  and  travel ;  exchange  of  teachers 
and   college  professors. 

g.  Proposals   of   an   inter-American   league   of   nations. 

4.  The  Drago  Doctrine  and  the   Porter   Doctrine. 

5.  Latin  America  at  the  second  Hague  Conference. 
Readings:  Hull,   The   United  States  and  Latin  America  at  the 

Hague;    Quesada,    La    Doctrina    Drago    (Rev.    de    la    Univ., 
B.A.,  1919). 

6.  The  Platt  Amendment: 

a.     Relations  with   Cuba ;   interventions. 

7.  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States : 

1.  Political   and   economic   conditions   in   the   Caribbean 

area ;  effects  and  influences  of  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War. 

2.  Strategic  importance ;  United  States  as  a  Caribbean 

power. 

a.  Porto  Rico  as  a  dependency. 

b.  Territorial  government ;   the  insular  cases ;   the 

question  of  citizenship. 

c.  The  Virgin  Islands. 

3.  Dominant  position  of  the  United  States : 

a.  In  commerce. 

b.  Financial     agreements     with     Santo     Domingo, 

Haiti,  Nicaragua. 

32 


c.  The   Panama    Canal   as   a    factor   in   the   prob- 

lem; status  of  the  Republic  of  Panama  with 
respect  to  the  United  States. 

d.  Naval    bases    of    the    United    States;    lease    of 

the  Corn  Islands. 

e.  Interventions   of   the   United   States. 

4.  Relations    of    the     United     States    and    Venezuela, 

Colombia,  Central  America. 

5.  Attitude    of    Caribbean    peoples    toward    the    United 

States;  problem  of  self-determination. 

6.  Contemporary  tendencies. 

Readings:    Jones,    Caribbean    Interests    of    the    United    States; 
Bonsai,    The    American    Mediterranean;    Westergaard,     The 
Danish    West   Indies,   1671-1917;    De    Booy    and    Paris'    The 
Virgin  Islands. 

8.  The  Panama  Canal: 

a.  Treaties  and  plans  for  construction. 

b.  The  French  enterprise. 

c.  Relations  of  Columbia  and  the  United  States. 

d.  Secession  and  independence  of  Panama. 

e.  Hay-Bunau-Varilla  treaty. 

f.  Construction  of  Canal. 

g.  Possible  economic  and  political  effects. 

h.     The  Columbian  grievance  against  the  United  States ; 
diplomatic  developments. 

9.  Wilson  Administration : 

a.  Hispanic-American  policy. 

b.  Relations  with  Mexico. 

c.  Achievements  and  criticism. 

Required  Readings:  Senate  Doc.,  No.  744,  61st  Cong.,  3rd  Ses- 
sion; Annals  of  American  Academy  of  Pol.  Science,  July, 
1914;  Bryce,  484-520;  Garcia  Cafderon,  298-312;  Latane, 

America    as    a    World   Power,    255-285;    ,    Diplomatic 

Relations  of  the  United  States  with  Spanish  America;  Wil- 
liams, Anglo-American  Isthmian  Diplomacy;  The  New  Pan 
Americanism,  Parts  I,  II  and  III  (World  Peace  Founda- 
tion). 

Additional  Readings:  Flack,  Spanish  American  Diplomatic 
Relations  Preceding  the  War  of  1898;  Chandler,  Inter- 
American  Acquaintances;  Moore,  Principles  of  American 
Diplomacy,  365-419;  Maurtua,  La  Idea  Pan  Americana  y 
la  cuestion  del  arbitrage;  Usher,  Pan- Americanism;  Cause 
33 


and  Carr,  The  Story  of  Panama;  Bishop,  Panama,  Past  and 
Present. 

Chapter  XI.     Trade  Relations  of  Hispanic  America  and  the  United 
States. 

1.  Origins  of  trade. 

2.  Development  of  trade  during  the  19th  century : 

a.  Comparative  predominance  of  United  States  to  about 

1850. 

b.  Disruption  of  trade  during  War  of  Secession. 

c.  Increased   European   competition  after   Franco- Prus- 

sian war. 

3.  History  of  trade  in  the  20th  century. 

4.  Volume  of  contemporary  trade,  export  and  import,  with 

United  States ;   with  Europe. 

5.  Character  of  the  trade : 

a.  Standard   articles   imported   and   exported. 

b.  Non-competitive  goods  and  raw  products. 

c.  Competitive  goods. 

6.  Purchasing  power  of   Hispanic  American  countries. 

7.  Misconceptions,  current  in  United  States,  as  to  Hispanic- 

American  habits  of  business. 

8.  Obstacles  in  the  way  of  trade : 

a.  Lack  of  merchant  marine. 

b.  Established  habits  and  traditions  of  trade. 

c.  Ignorance  of   market  and   the   accepted   methods   of 

trade : 

1.  Market  demands. 

2.  Transportation  problems. 

3.  Tariff  administrations. 

d.  Long  term  credits. 

e.  Lack  of  organization  to  secure  the  trade. 

9.  Methods  for  improvement. 

10.  The  Webb— Pomerene  Act. 

11.  Effects  of  the  European  war  of  1914;  construction  of  the 

Panama  Canal. 

12.  Increase    of     American     business    interests     in    Hispanic 
America. 

Readings:   Atlas  America   Latina;   Verrill,   South  and   Central 
American   Trade   Conditions  of   Today,   168-179;   U.   S.   Sen. 
34 


Doc.  No.  737,  60th  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  (Fisher,  Ethnography 
and  Commercial  Importance  of  Latin  America  and  the 
West  Indies);  House  Doc.,  No.  154,  59  Cong.,  2d  Sess.; 
Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America;  Babson,  The  Future 
of  South  America;  Bonsai,  The  American  Mediterranean; 
Chandler,  Inter-American  Acquaintances;  Hough,  Practical 

Exporting;   Shepherd,  168-179;  — ,   Our  South  American 

Trade  (Pol.  Science  Quart.,  Dec.,  1909)  ;  Filsinger,  Export- 
ing to  Latin  America;  Savay,  The  Science  of  Foreign  Trade; 
Pepper,  American  Foreign  Trade;  Cooper,  Understanding 
South  America;  Wilson,  South  America  as  an  Export  Field, 
(Sp.  Agt.  Ser.  No.  81,  1914,  Dept.  of  Com.)  ;  South  Ameri- 
can Supplement,  London  Times;  U.  S.  consular  reports; 
reports  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  (now 
Department  of  Commerce). 

Chapter  XII.     Hispanic  America  and  the  World  War. 

1.  Economic  and  political  influences  of  the  war. 

2.  Hispanic-American  products  necessary  in  the  prosecution 

of  the  war. 

3.  Efforts  to  secure  sympathy   for  one  or   the   other  group 

of   belligerents;    policies   of   neutrality;    cultural    factors 
in  the  situation;  Germany  as  a  menace. 

4.  Improvement   in   the    financial    situation;    development   of 

Pan  Americanism:  the  financial  congresses. 

5.  Growth   of   anti-German    sentiment   in   certain   countries; 

Ruy    Barbosa's    indictment    of    Germany;    the    Luxburg 
and  Zimmermann  dispatches. 

6.  Effect    of    the    entrance    of    the    United    States    into    the 

war. 

7.  Hispanic  America  in  the  war: 

a.  Nations    which    declared    war:    Brazil,    Costa    Rica, 

Cuba,     Guatemala,     Haiti,     Honduras,     Nicaragua, 
Panama. 

b.  Nations    which     severed    relations     with    Germany: 

Bolivia,    Ecuador,     Peru,    Santo     Domingo,    Uru- 
guay. 

c.  The   neutral   countries :   Argentina,   Chile,   Colombia, 

Mexico,   Salvador,   Venezuela,   Paraguay. 

d.  Services  of  Brazil  and  Cuba. 

8.  Hispanic  America  and  the  Peace  Conference;  the  promi- 

nent part  played  by  Brazil. 

9.  The  Tacna-Arica  question  in  a  new  phase. 

35 


10.  Attitude    toward    the    League    of    Nations;    Brazil    as    a 

member    of    the    Supreme    Council ;    the    states    which 
joined  the  league. 

11.  The    Monroe   Doctrine   during   the   war;    projects    for   an 

inter-American   league   of    states. 

12.  Economic    results    of    the   war   upon    Hispanic   America. 
Readings :    Martin,   Latin  America   and   the    War,    (League   of 

Nations,  II,  No.  4)  ;  Kirkpatrick,  South  America  and  the 
War;  Rowe,  Early  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Finance,  Com- 
merce, and  Industry  of  Peru;  Ferrara,  La  doctrine  de  Mon- 
roe y  la  liga  de  las  naciones;  Galliard,  Amerique  latine 
et  Europe  occidental;  Wagner,  L'Allemagne  et  I'Amerique 
Latine ;  Quesada,  El  "peliogro  Aleman"  en  sud  America ; 
Yearbooks  and  periodicals. 

Chapter    XIII.     Contemporary    History,    Problems,    and    Achieve- 
ments of  Hispanic  America. 

1.     Political: 

a.  Political  and  governmental  stability. 

b.  Politics  in  practice  and  principle. 

c.  Modern  conventions,  platforms,  and  elections. 

d.  Restrictions  of  the  ballot. 

e.  Professional  men  in  politics. 

f.  Absence  of  political  experience  by  the  masses. 

g.  Necessity    of    developing    public    interest    in    politics 

and  political  philosophy, 
h.     Appearance  of  new  political  issues, 
i.     Electoral  reform  :  Argentina, 
j.     Civil  Service  in  Hispanic  America, 
k.     State  or  Church  control  over  education. 
1.     Municipal  government : 

1.  History  of  progress. 

2.  Public   utilities ;    fire    departments ;    police    sys- 

tem ;    water   works ;    public   sanitation ;    muni- 
nicipal  ownership. 

m.     Social  legislation. 

n.      Passing    of    the    South    American    type    of    revolu- 
tion. 

Readings:  Garcia  Calderon,  222-248,  365-677;  Shepherd,  141- 
150;  Scruggs,  The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics; 
Vera  y  Gonzalez,  Elemcntos  de  historia  contcmporanea  de 

36 


America;     Heredia,    Memorias     sobrc    las     revoluciones    de 
Venezuela;  books  on  individual  countries. 

2.     Social  and  Religious: 
A.     Social : 

1.  Population: 

a.  Census  statistics  available. 

b.  Population  and  resources. 

2.  Social     types :     Spanish ;     immigrant ;     Indian, 

savage  and  civilized ;  mixed  races ;  negro. 

3.  Laboring      classes       and       types:      "vaquero;" 

"gaucho;"  "llanero;"  industrial   laborers. 

4.  Labor  system  and  laws. 

a.  Peonage : 

1.  Feudal    status    of    labor    in    colonies. 

2.  Origin    of    peonage;    inheritance    of 

debt. 

3.  The       "inquilino"       and       "colono" ; 

"cholo." 

4.  Ignorance,   wages,   and   living  condi- 

tions. 

5.  Peon  in  government  and  politics. 

6.  Peonage  in  Mexico;  in  South  Amer- 

ica. 

b.  Labor  regulations  in  general. 

c.  Labor  organizations. 

d.  Dearth  of  labor  in  certain  countries. 

e.  Strikes ;    radicalism ;    labor    conditions    in 

Argentina,  Brazil  and  Mexico. 

5.  Aristocratic  and  professional  society. 

6.  Language. 

7.  Position  of  woman  : 

a.  In  society. 

b.  Family  life. 

c.  The  matter  of  divorce. 

8.  Amusements   and   social   customs : 

a.  Sports  and  games. 

b.  Carnivals  and  festivals. 

c.  Dress  and  etiquette. 

d.  Gambling  and  lotteries. 

e.  Social  customs  in  business. 

37 


9.  Influence  of  the  Basques  in  Latin  America. 
Readings  :  Shepherd,  121-141 ;  -  — ,  Psychology  of  the  Latin 
American  (Jour,  of  Race  Devel.  1919)  ;  Garcia  Calderon, 
283-290;  Bryce,  432,  528-530;  Romero,  Mexico  and  the 
United  States;  Bingham,  Across  South  America;  books  on 
individual  countries  and  on  travel;  Bunge,  Nustra  America; 
Colmo,  America  Latino. 

B.     Religious : 

1.  Prevalence  of   Roman   Catholic   Church. 

2.  Church  and  State;  tendency  toward  separation. 

3.  Clericalism  in  politics. 

4.  The  work  of  the  Church. 

5.  Toleration    in    Hispanic   America. 

6.  Protestant  missionary  activities. 

7.  Foreign    opinion    of    Hispanic-American    mor- 

ality. 

Required  Readings:  Shepherd,  139;  Koebel,  The  South  Ameri- 
cans 41-44,  91-108,  152-169. 

Additional  Readings:  Speer,  South  American  Problems; 
Brown,  Latin  America;  Neely,  South  America:  Its  Mission- 
ary Problem;  Planchet,  La  Cuestion  religiosa  en  Mexico. 

3.     Immigration : 

a.  History  of  immigration  in  the   19th  century : 

1.  Causes    of    scarcity    before    1857;    colonial    ex- 

clusion ;    revolutions ;    greater   inducements    of 
the   United    States;    economic   reasons. 

2.  Increase  since  1857. 

Ideas    of    Alberdi    and    Sarmiento    on    immi- 
gration. 

3.  Drift  toward  the   Southern  republics. 

4.  Immigration  in  the  North  American  republics. 

b.  Political  and  economic  effects  of  immigration. 

c.  Effects  on  society. 

d.  Spanish,  Italian,  German,  Russian  and  Polish,  Eng- 

lish,   French,    Portuguese,    Oriental,    Turkish    and 
Assyrian  immigration. 

e.  Favorite  occupations  of  aliens. 

f.  The  question  of  assimilation  and  citizenship. 
Required  Readings:  Shepherd,  81-84,  126-129,  169;  Koebel,  The 

South  Americans,  152-169;  Garcia  Calderon,  290-298,  323-335. 
Additional    Readings:    Atlas   America    Latina;    Koebel,    British 
38 


Exploits,  481-551  ;   Mulhall,   The  English  in  South  America, 
Wintzer,  Die  Dcutschcn  in  tropischen  Amerika. 

4.     Financial  : 

a.  Monetary  systems  in  Hispanic  America. 

1.  Standards  and  values. 

2.  Paper  currency. 

3.  Fluctuations. 

b.  Capital  and  Banking : 

1.  Number  of  banks. 

2.  Domestic  and  foreign  control  of  banking. 

3.  Branch  banks : 

a.  European. 

b.  United  States. 

4.  Scarcity  of  capital. 

c.  Hispanic-American  finance. 

1.  Credits,  exchange,  solvency. 

2.  Stock  exchanges. 

3.  Bond  issues. 
4     Public  debts. 

5.  Sinking  funds. 

6.  Insurance. 

7.  Trusts  and  corporations. 

d.  Foreign  influences  upon  financial  policies. 

e.  Business  enterprises : 

1.  Habits  of  business. 

2.  Buying  and  selling ;  advertising. 

f .  Tariff  systems  : 

1.  Tariff  for  revenue. 

2.  Rates :  specific  rather  than  ad  valorem. 

3.  Variations  and  complexity. 

g.  Taxation : 

1.  On  personal  property. 

2.  On  lands  and  real  estate. 

3.  On  industries. 

4.  Licenses  and  concessions. 

h.     Internal  improvements  and  public  works. 

1.     History    of     internal    improvements     in    Latin 
America. 

39 


2.     Public  works ;  postal  service ;  parcel  post, 
i.     Movement  for  single,   Pan-American  monetary  stan- 
dard, 
j.     Movement    for   a    Pan-American,   standardized   tariff 

system. 

Readings:  Shepherd,  43,  48,  150-153,  173;  Wolfe,  Foreign 
Credits,  (Sp.  Agts.  Ser.  No.  62,  1913,  Department  of  Com- 
merce) ;  Hurley,  Banking  and  Credit  in  Argentina,  Brazil, 
Chile,  and  Peru,  (Sp.  Agts.  Ser.  No.  90,  1914,  ibid.)  ;  Ver- 
rill,  Aughinbaugh,  and  Babson ;  Crosby,  Latin  American 
Monetary  System  and  Exchange  Conditions;  The  South 
American  Year-Book ;  Consular  reports;  Reports  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  (Eng.)  ;  books  on  individual  countries; 
Roper,  The  Postal  Service  and  the  Latin  American  Trade. 

5.     Industrial : 

A.     The  most  important  industries : 

1.  Mining: 

a.  Areas  of  ore  fields. 

b.  Facilities. 

c.  Acquisition  of  mining  properties. 

d.  Labor  supply. 

e.  Gold,  silver,  diamonds,  copper,  tin,  nitrate, 

coal,  and  other  mines. 

2.  Stock-raising : 

a.  Areas  adapted. 

b.  Cattle,  horse,   sheep  ranches. 

c.  Stock-yards    and    slaughter-houses. 

d.  Wool  and  hides. 

Readings:  Whelpley,  Trade  Development  in  Argentina,  (Sp. 
Agts.  Ser.  No.  43,  1911,  Dept.  of  Commerce  and  Labor)  ; 
Atlas  America  Latino. 

3.  Rubber : 

a.  Areas  of  growth. 

b.  Processes  employed. 

c.  Labor     supply;     labor     scandals;     "black 

gold." 

4.  Agriculture : 

a.  Arable    lands    and   climatic    conditions. 

b.  Agriculture     in     connection     with     stock- 

raising. 

40 


c.  Ownership   of    land. 

d.  The      agrarian      situation      in      Hispanic 

America. 

e.  The    "haciendas,"    "fazendas ;"    the    "cha- 

cras"  and  "potreros." 

f .  Agricultural      products :       Coffee,      cacao 

yerba,  foodstuffs. 

5-     Manufacturing : 

a.  General  characteristics :  domestic  and  fac- 

tory methods. 

b.  Connection  with  other  industries. 

c.  Obstacles  in  the  way. 

d.  Products:    foodstuffs,   textiles,   machinery. 

B.  European   and   American   capital   invested   in   indus- 

tries. 

C.  Occupations  of  foreigners  in  Hispanic  America. 
Readings:    Koebel,    The    South    Americans,    132-151,    193-204; 

books  on  individual  countries ;  Pearson,  The  Rubber  Coun- 
try of  the  Amazon;  Gemmingen,  Die  entivickelung  der 
fabrikindustrie  in  latinischen  Amerika. 

6.     Commercial : 

a.  History  of  Hispanic- American  commerce. 

b.  Exports   and   imports : 

1.  Character  and  value. 

2.  Destination. 

c.  Commercial  enterprises. 

d.  Trade  marks  and  their  use. 

e.  Customs  regulations. 

f.  Modern  transportation  and  communication. 

1.  Development  of  transportation  facilities. 

2.  Survival  of  colonial  methods  in  certain  areas. 

3.  Pack-trains,  stage  routes,  llama  trains. 

4.  Roads  and  highways. 

5.  Land  transportation : 

a.  Railroads :  trunk  lines ;   short  lines. 

b.  International  and  transcontinental  lines. 

c.  Projected  lines. 

d.  Horse  cars  and  trolleys ;    subways. 

e.  Mileage  and  rates. 

41 


f.  Freight  rates. 

g.  Capital  and  ownership. 

6.     Water  transportation: 

a.  River  steamers  and  barges. 

b.  Oceanic  lines. 

.  c.     Harbor  facilities. 

d.     Rates, 
g.     Communication : 

1.  Telegraph  lines. 

2.  Cable  lines. 

3.  Postal   service;   international   service. 

h.     The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures, 
i.     Concessions  and  monopolies  : 

1.  Procedure  in  obtaining  them. 

2.  Policies      of      various      countries      in      relation 

thereto. 

3.  Attitude    of    the    United    States    toward    them. 
Readings:    Shepherd,    168-191,    Koebel,    The    South    Americans, 

304-358;  Domville-Fife,  Great  States  of  South  America; 
Atlas  America  Latina;  Sheridan,  Transportation  Rates  to 
the  West  Coast  of  South  America  (Sp.  Agts.  report,  Ser. 
72,  1913.  Bur.  of  For.  and  Dom.  Commerce),  Gueydan, 
Transportation  Facilities  of  Colombia  and  Venezuela  (ibid.)  ; 
Trade  mark  registration  in  Latin  America  (Tariff  series, 
No.  31,  ibid.);  Verrill,  Aughinbaugh,  and  Babson ;  Reports 
of  Bureau  of  Trade  Relations  of  the  State  Department; 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce 
of  the  Commerce  Department ;  U.  S.  Federal  Trade  Com. 
Rep.  on  Trade  and  Tariffs  in  Brazil,  Uruguay,  Argentina, 
Chile,  Bolivia,  and  Peru;  Tariff  Systems  of  South  Am  ri- 
can  countries.  (Bur.  of  For  and  Dom.  Com.) 
7.  Educational  and  Cultural : 

A.     Educational : 

1.  General  characteristics. 

2.  Percentages   of   illiterates   in  various   countries. 

3.  Educational  progress. 

4.  Obstacles  to  popular  education. 

5.  Foreign    influences   in   education. 

a.  European    teachers    in    Hispanic-America. 

b.  American  teachers  in  Argentina  in   1868 ; 

educational  reforms  of  Sarmiento. 
42 


c.     Influence  of  United  States  at  present. 

6.  Administration  of  schools. 

7.  Elementary  and  secondary  education. 

8.  Higher   education   in   Hispanic-America. 

a.  Universities : 

1.  Faculties,  courses,  and  equipment. 

2.  Libraries  and  publications. 

3.  Students. 

b.  Scientific  pursuits. 

1.  Observatories    and    other    establish- 

ments    for     study     of     geography, 
ethnology,  and  zoology. 

2.  Schools  of  medicine  and  surgery. 

c.  Industrial  and  technical  education. 

9.  Urban  and  rural  education. 

10.  Popular  interest  in  education. 

11.  Non-official  efforts  for  promotion  of  education: 

a.  Congresses  and  teachers'  associations. 

b.  Private  schools  and  institutions. 

c.  Publications   and   lectures. 

12.  Educational  reforms  needed. 
Cultural   achievements   in  general : 

1.  Public  charity : 

a.  Control  and  sources  of  revenue. 

b.  Societies    and   institutions    for    social    ser- 

vice. 

2.  Public  libraries. 

3.  Journalism : 

a.  Status  of   the   press   in  various   countries. 

b.  Notable  newspapers. 

c.  Recent  development. 

d.  Magazines  and  periodicals. 

4.  Literature : 

a.  General  characteristics. 

b.  European    and    particularly    French    influ- 

ence. 

c.  Representative     literary     men     and     their 

works. 

1.     Novelists,  essayists,  poets: 

Ricardo     Palma,     Rodo,     Alencar, 
43 


Gonzalvez  Diaz,  San  Martin, 
Echeverria,  Sarmiento,  Ruben 
Dario,  Chocano,  Blanco  Fom- 
bona,  etc. 

2.  Historians : 

Alaman,  the  Amunategui,  Barros 
Arana,  Icazbalceta,  Vicuna  Mack- 
enna,  Mitre,  Jose  Toribio  Medina, 
Oliviera  Lima,  Zamacois,  etc. 

3.  Jurists : 

Bello,   Calvo,  Velez   Sarsfield,  Am- 
brosio  Montt,  etc. 
5.     Arts : 

a.  General  characteristics. 

b.  Achievements  in  music ;  the  drama  ;  archi- 
tecture; painting;  and  sculpture. 

Readings :'  For  education:  Shepherd,  192-204;  -  — ^Educa- 
tion in  South  America,  (Review  of  Reviews,  May,  1908)  ; 
,  High.r  Education  in  South  America,  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity Quart.,  Dec.,  1907)  ;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans, 
109-132;  Brandon,  Latin-American  Universities  and  Special 
Schools;  Blakslee,  Latin- America,  30-46;  Monroe,  An  Ency- 
clopedia of  Education  (See  discussion  under  the  names  of 
each  country);  see  also,  Walle,  Bolivia,  Chap.  6;  Eder, 
Colombia,  Chap.  16;  Hirst,  Argentina,  (Chap.  14;  and 
Wright's  books  on  Bolivia,  Chile,  and  Peru;  Bravo  Mejia, 
Organization  de  las  escuelas  rurales;  Amunategui,  Discursos 
Parliamentarios. 

For  curtural  problems:  Shepherd,  204-250;  La  Literatura  y  el 
Periodismo;  Garcia  Calderon,  Latin-America,  249-282;  War- 
ner, Library  of  the  World's  Best  Literature,  Vol.  15  ;  Blaks- 
lee, Latin-America,  299-306;  Koebel,  The  South  Americans, 
109-130;  Goldberg,  Studies  in  Spanish  American  Literature; 
Umphrey,  Spanish  American  Poets  of  Today  and  Yesterday 
(Hispania,  19l9)  ;  Coester,  The  Literary  History  of  Spanish 
America;  Starr,  Readings  from  Modern  Mexican  Authors; 
Lamborn,  Mexican  Paintings  and  Painters;  Zanelli  Lopez, 
Mujeres  Chilenos  de  letras;  Amunategui,  La  Alborada,  poe- 
tica  in  Chile. 


44 


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